Značaj združenih useva u organskoj proizvodnji lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja

Organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants is consistent with numerous regulations; hence it is under strict legal control. It implies a production system that does not disturb the naturally consistent balance of ecosystems in which plants are grown, taking into account the preservation of healing properties of derivatives obtained by further processing thereof. This production can be established on virgin lands, or those used for agricultural production but without the application of synthetic chemicals, for a period of at least two years. The main cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants in Serbia are: rosemary, coriander, chamomile, peppermint, lemon balm, valerian, thyme, etc. Weeds are the most serious problem in the organic production system of these plants, while damages caused by diseases are not economically significant. Intercropping in the organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants is the simplest and, at the same time, a very efficient method to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, since the use of pesticides is not allowed in the organic production system. Plant cultivation in this system, in relation to continuous cropping, contributes to increased biodiversity, better utilisation of natural resources, higher yields of many plants and reduced abundance of weeds and pests. Moreover, it is very important to emphasise that the effects of intercropping on the quality of an agroecosystem and plants themselves are great, which further leads to a more efficient ability of plants to develop resistance to insects and numerous pathogens.Organska proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja usklađena je sa brojnim regulativama, te se nalazi pod strogom zakonskom kontrolom. Podrazumeva takav sistem proizvodnje koji neće narušiti prirodno usklađenu ravnotežu ekosistema u kome se bilje gaji, vodeći pritom računa o očuvanju lekovitosti derivata koji se dobijaju daljom preradom istih. Organska proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja može se zasnivati na devičanskim zemljištima ili zemljištima iz poljoprivredne proizvodnje na kojima nije bilo upotrebe sintetičkih hemikalija u periodu od najmanje dve godine. Među gajenim vrstama lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u Srbiji, najveću proizvodnju zauzimaju ruzmarin, korijander, kamilica, nana, matičnjak, valerijana, majčina dušica, a od samoniklih vrsta kantarion, hajdučka trava, žalfija, kleka, lovor, smilje, bor i druge vrste. Najveći problem u organskom sistemu proizvodnje ovog bilja predstavljaju korovi, dok bolesti ne čine ekonomski značajne štete. Primena združenih useva u organskom uzgoju lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja najjednostavniji je, a pritom veoma efikasan način da se redukuje pojava štetočina i bolesti, s obzirom na to da u organskom sistemu proizvodnje nije dozvoljena upotreba pesticida. Uzgojem biljaka u ovom sistemu, u odnosu na monokulturu, povećava se biodiverzitet, bolje se iskorišćavaju resursi iz prirodnog okruženja, povećava se prinos mnogih biljaka, smanjuje brojnost korova i štetočina, a takođe, što je veoma bitno istaći, združeni usevi imaju veći uticaj na kvalitet agroekosistema i samih biljaka, što dalje utiče na efikasniju sposobnost biljaka u stvaranju otpornosti prema insektima i mnogim patogenima

Intrinsic adaptation in autonomous recurrent neural networks

A massively recurrent neural network responds on one side to input stimuli and is autonomously active, on the other side, in the absence of sensory inputs. Stimuli and information processing depends crucially on the qualia of the autonomous-state dynamics of the ongoing neural activity. This default neural activity may be dynamically structured in time and space, showing regular, synchronized, bursting or chaotic activity patterns. We study the influence of non-synaptic plasticity on the default dynamical state of recurrent neural networks. The non-synaptic adaption considered acts on intrinsic neural parameters, such as the threshold and the gain, and is driven by the optimization of the information entropy. We observe, in the presence of the intrinsic adaptation processes, three distinct and globally attracting dynamical regimes, a regular synchronized, an overall chaotic and an intermittent bursting regime. The intermittent bursting regime is characterized by intervals of regular flows, which are quite insensitive to external stimuli, interseeded by chaotic bursts which respond sensitively to input signals. We discuss these finding in the context of self-organized information processing and critical brain dynamics.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figure

Crop Diversification Affects Biological Pest Control

Crop monocultures encourage the multiplication and spread of pest insects on massive and uniform crop. Numerous studies have evaluated the impact of plant diversification on pests and beneficial arthropods population dynamics in agricultural ecosystems and provided some evidence that habitat manipulation techniques like intercropping can significantly influence pest control. This paper describes various potential options of habitat management and design that enhance ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. The focus of this review is the application and mechanisms of biodiversity in agricultural systems to enhance pest management

The benefits of organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants in intercropping system

Organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants is consistent with numerous regulations; hence it is under strict legal control. It implies a production system that does not disturb the naturally consistent balance of ecosystems in which plants are grown, taking into account the preservation of healing properties of derivatives obtained by further processing thereof. This production can be established on virgin lands, or those used for agricultural production but without the application of synthetic chemicals, for a period of at least two years. The main cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants in Serbia are: rosemary, coriander, chamomile, peppermint, lemon balm, valerian, thyme, etc. Weeds are the most serious problem in the organic production system of these plants, while damages caused by diseases are not economically significant. Intercropping in the organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants is the simplest and, at the same time, a very efficient method to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, since the use of pesticides is not allowed in the organic production system. Plant cultivation in this system, in relation to continuous cropping, contributes to increased biodiversity, better utilisation of natural resources, higher yields of many plants and reduced abundance of weeds and pests. Moreover, it is very important to emphasise that the effects of intercropping on the quality of an agroecosystem and plants themselves are great, which further leads to a more efficient ability of plants to develop resistance to insects and numerous pathogens

Biljna proizvodnja po konceptu organske poljoprivrede u svetu i Republici Srbiji - istorijat i trenutno stanje

Unlike conventional agriculture, organic farming, as a form of sustainable agriculture, and its production methods preserve and upgrade biodiversity of the soil and biodiversity of the entire ecosystem by protecting the environment, plants, and human health. It appeared at the beginning of XX century in Poland and has been spreading in many countries worldwide ever since. In 2015, this type of agricultural production was implemented at a global level on an area of 50.9 million ha. The largest areas are located in Oceania (22.8 mil. ha) and Europe (12.7 mil. ha), whereas grass areas make up the most, and arable land makes up only 15% there of. In the period 2014-2015, the area increased by 6.5 mil. ha at the global level. In 2015, the largest increase was recorded in Oceania (23.2%) and in 98 countries around the world, while a decrease was recorded in 32 countries. Europe performs ¼ of the world's organic production. In Serbia, organic production makes up 15298 ha (13398 ha belongs to arable land, 1899 ha to meadows and pastures). The largest number of producers is located in Vojvodina, and in Western and Southern Serbia. Cereals have a leading role with a production area of 2182.89 ha. Having in mind the great potentials for organic production in Serbia, experts' plan for the next decade is to increase the area for this type of agricultural production by 20%.Organska poljoprivredna proizvodnja, kao vid održive poljoprivrede, za razliku od konvencionalne poljoprivrede, svojim metodama proizvodnje povećava plodnost zemljišta, čuva i unapređuje njegov biodiverzitet, kao i biodiverzitet čitavog ekosistema, štiteći životnu sredinu, zdravlje biljaka, životinja i čoveka, uz primenu najviših standarda kvaliteta proizvodnje. Pojavljuje se početkom dvadesetog veka u Poljskoj, nastavljajući širenje u mnogobrojnim zemljama širom sveta do današnjih dana, te tako, u 2015. godini zauzima površinu od 50.9 miliona ha na globalnom nivou. Najveće površine pod ovim vidom poljoprivredne proizvodnje nalaze se u Okeaniji (22.8 miliona ha) i Evropi (12.7 miliona ha), pri čemu u strukturi površina dominiraju travne površine, a obradive čine svega 15%. Na globalnom nivou, u toku perioda od 2014-2015. godine, površine su uvećane za 6.5 miliona ha. U 2015. godini, najveće uvećanje zabeleženo je u Okeaniji (za 23.2%), kao i u 98 zemalja širom sveta, dok je pad zabeležen u 32 zemlje. U Evropi je skoncentrisana ¼ svetske organske proizvodnje. U Srbiji, organska proizvodnja se odvija na površini od 15298 ha (13398 ha pripada obradivom zemljištu, a 1899 ha livadama i pašnjacima), pri čemu se najveći broj proizvođača nalazi u Vojvodini, a zatim u Zapadnoj i Južnoj Srbiji. Žita, sa proizvodnim površinama od 2182.89 ha, zauzimaju vodeću ulogu. S obzirom na izuzetne potencijale za organsku proizvodnju u Srbiji, plan stručnjaka je da se u narednoj deceniji površine pod ovim vidom poljoprivredne proizvodnje uvećaju za 20%

Bayesian sparsification for deep neural networks with Bayesian model reduction

Deep learning's immense capabilities are often constrained by the complexity of its models, leading to an increasing demand for effective sparsification techniques. Bayesian sparsification for deep learning emerges as a crucial approach, facilitating the design of models that are both computationally efficient and competitive in terms of performance across various deep learning applications. The state-of-the-art -- in Bayesian sparsification of deep neural networks -- combines structural shrinkage priors on model weights with an approximate inference scheme based on stochastic variational inference. However, model inversion of the full generative model is exceptionally computationally demanding, especially when compared to standard deep learning of point estimates. In this context, we advocate for the use of Bayesian model reduction (BMR) as a more efficient alternative for pruning of model weights. As a generalization of the Savage-Dickey ratio, BMR allows a post-hoc elimination of redundant model weights based on the posterior estimates under a straightforward (non-hierarchical) generative model. Our comparative study highlights the advantages of the BMR method relative to established approaches based on hierarchical horseshoe priors over model weights. We illustrate the potential of BMR across various deep learning architectures, from classical networks like LeNet to modern frameworks such as Vision Transformers and MLP-Mixers

Importance of Using Compost and Bacterial Biofuels in the Organic Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

The areas under the organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants are constantly increasing, both domestically and globally. Since organic production does not allow the application of synthetic fertilizers, organic fertilizers like compost and bacterial biofuels have special importance. The aim of this paper is to point out the positive effects of the application of these fertilizers in the organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants. Microbiological fertilizers and compost not only have beneficial effects on the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants by improving physical and biological properties of the soil, but also affect the quality and increase the content of essential oils and also improve the physiological status of a plant. Azotobacter produce anti-fungal compounds that protect against plant pathogens, while increasing germination and vitality of plants demonstrates the importance of their application in the organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants

Wheat Yield and Weedness under Different Rate of Nitrogen Fertilization

In this study we tested yield and weediness in wheat cultivars Lazarica and Julija Mono grown under different regime of mineral nutrition. This investigation was conducted at the long term experiment on control variant (without fertilizers), second variant with nitrogen application (two sub variants with different rate of N) 2N1 (80 kg N ha-1) and 2N2 (120 kg N ha-1), third variant with NP fertilizer with two different rate of N application: 3N1 (80 kg N ha-1 + 100kg P ha-1) and 3N2 (120 kg N ha-1 + 100kg P ha-1) and fourth variant 4N1 (80 kg N ha-1 + 60kg P ha-1) and 4N2 (120 kg N ha-1 + 60kg P ha-1). Weediness varies in dependence of rate and variant of fertilization. The weed species Consolida regalis Gray, Convolvulus arvensis L., Polygonum aviculare L., Cirsium arvense L., Agropyrum repens L., Polygonum convolvulus L. was dominant on fertilized plots. The analyzed variability of grain yield depends of applied fertilizer variants. The lowest grain yield was found on control variant in both wheat cultivar Lazatica (1880kg ha-1), Julija Mono (1740kg ha-1) while the highest grain yield on variant 3N2 (120 kg N ha-1 + 100kg P ha-1) Lazarica (3724kg ha-1 Julija Mono (4990kg ha-1) and low weediness

Influence of Salinity of Water for Irrigation on NPK Nutrients Uptake in Greenhouse Traditional Cultivation of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)

The NPK nutrients uptake in the production of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) irrigated with different water quality (fresh and saline water of 4 dS/m) has been analyzed in the experiment conducted in the greenhouse of Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari. The highest nitrogen (N) consumption was observed 10 weeks after transplantation, while the highest consumption of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) was recorded 12 and 8 weeks after transplantation, respectively. The highest concentration of N in vegetative part was obtained in cauliflower under saline water irrigation (3.5%), while in the fresh water treatment concentration of N was 3.2%. The phosphorus uptake was significantly affected under saline irrigation practice with respect to the fresh water being with total P uptake value corresponding to about 61% of the its uptake under the fresh water treatment. Irrigation with the salinity level of 4 dS/m resulted in significant increase in the accumulated salts in soil being with an electric conductivity (EC) value 17% greater than the one where fresh water was practiced. Evolution of chloride (Cl-) and its average values during the whole cropping period indicate that Cl- behaved in a manner identical to the one characterizing the EC parameter. This proves that Cl- concentration in the soil can be taken as a measure expressing the soil salinity